Not only for corals: exploring the uptake of beneficial microorganisms for corals by sponges

Scientific paper Year: 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-024-00584-8

Extra Information

npj | biofilms and microbiomes

Abstract

Microbiome restoration using beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMCs) comprise a promising
 
strategy to help corals cope with anthropogenic stressors. However, there is limited knowledge on the
 
uptake of BMCs by nontarget animals, especially sponges. This study explores whether sponges can
 
acquire BMCs upon direct application and whether inoculations affect sponge health. A 4-week field
 
experiment applying BMCs to Stylissa carteri and Callyspongia crassa assessed three conditions: no
 
inoculation, and BMCs inoculation once and thrice a week. BMC-related strains were naturally present
 
in the seawater and the microbiome of S. carteri. These strains were enriched in response to the
 
inoculation only in the S. carteri microbiome. Microbiomes of both sponges were restructured;
 
sponges were visually healthy and efficiently pumped water at the end of the experiment. These results
 
suggest that sponges can be enriched with BMC-related strains, and that BMC application on nearby
 
corals is unlikely to negatively affect sponge health.